The concept of orientation system concerns the ways in which culture influences peoples lives. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. Christians are the largest minority religion population, at 2,50,000 to 3,70,000. Survey identifies health behaviors, challenges shared by Muslim community. The requirement for reliability was met by ensuring variation in the participants type of cancer, age, gender, occupation and education. Culture impacts the way a person views life, values, social norms, and other aspects that constitute daily life, including health and diseases. Article. Dating practices vary significantly between regions, and are impacted by attitudes and education. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Talking in terms of beating a disease . Such habitual practices are not straightforwardly religious, but emerge from a powerful amalgamation of religious superstitions and ancient cultural beliefs. Moreover, it was explained to all potential informants that the research is part of an international study aimed at identifying the strategies patients use to cope with their illness; participation was voluntary; participants could withdraw at any time or from any part of the research without any consequences for themselves; the data are kept confidential; and the research reports have been presented and published without mentioning the participants name or representative characteristics. Figure 1. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well'. Indeed, subjects that Australians often avoid (politics and religion) are not necessarily taboo conversations among friends and colleagues in Iran. Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). Familial relationships and reputation are important aspects of Iranian culture. Nonna Khakpour, Contributing Writer, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. I believe I have sinned, and it is my punishment. 5. The healthcare and medical sector's market value in Iran was almost US$24 billion in 2002 and is forecast to rise to US$96 billion in 2017. In Islam, Shafaah is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God for forgiveness and miraculous healing. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Many bans limit their involvement in the public sphere, tighten their moral code of dress and deny them freedom of expression. In our study, we found a tendency toward using these habits as coping strategies to gain comfort and closeness to God. Those who are employed usually do desktop-based office work and also rarely get the same management opportunities. The interviews varied in length, from around one hour to one and half hours. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. One 41-year-old man explained this: We have a responsibility to act. This mindset manifests in health beliefs and behaviors in significant ways. They're informed by the cultures we most associate ourselves with. The interview guide was primarily based on the questions used in the Swedish study (Ahmadi, Citation2015); however, some cultural considerations were applied during production of the final protocol. The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. Religion may not be the only available resource in a persons orientation system, and it may be easier to access other resources. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam practiced according to the Twelver Jafari school. One possible reason for this is that, for these interviewees, religion is a larger part of [their] orientation system (Ahmad, Citation2006, p. 28). Data was reported in Iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. Debase, It is worth noting that the expectations regarding what is honourable and shameful can vary significantly between different people, family backgrounds and social attitudes. In order to provide sensitive and culturally appropriate care, nurses should be aware of the general impact of cultural norms and values on the process of maternal role attainment and strive to meet the cultural needs of all mothers. In an interview with the Trauma and Mental Health Report (translated, Farsi to English), Hamed Rajabi, director of A Minor Leap Down, explains: This social system is only concerned with how people work and perform, and when that performance is lowered, their behavior is instantly condemned.. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the cultural factors that have an impact on military nursing care for Iraqi patients. As in other studies in the international project, after translation of the transcribed interviews, the interview protocols were coded in line with the themes found in the study using a thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, Citation2006) and the MAXQDA software (version 12). Some people believe ziyarat has undeniable positive effects on their wellbeing, mental health and behaviour. Herding has long been a traditional part of the economy, and dairy productsmilk, cheese, and particularly yogurtare common ingredients in Persian dishes. It is in the remembrance of Allh alone that the hearts really find peace.Footnote3 Holy places may play the role of a safe haven in which one can experience peace and safety a place to freely discharge negative affects and emotions; this may be similar to the idea of catharsis. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a Middle Eastern nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and Central Asia. The transcriptions were then coded, categorised, and thematised using a thematic analysis method. Permission will be required if your reuse is not covered by the terms of the License. Essential to our study is, thus, not the study of coping only from a psychological perceptive but mainly the role of culture in the present study; we define culture as a system of beliefs, traditions, customs, art, history, folklore, institutions, norm and values and how they are expressed a system that is shared by members of a society, community or group. When an elder family members husband or wife dies, they will usually move into the house of one of their children. keeping to the rules to avoid attracting the attention of government operatives). The participants were recruited through a number of cancer treatment and rehabilitation centres in Tehran. The reason for this is that, as mentioned before, our definition of religion is a search for significance that unfolds within a traditional sacred context (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 72). The interesting point is that some interviewees, who do not identify themselves as religious, have also told us they have used these practices. The verse continues this way: Recite in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging substance. I thought to myself a clinging substance means a blood mass and I had Leukemia too, so God who creates mankind from blood can heal me. As people dont want to risk doing something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations. In A Minor Leap Down, filmmaker Rajabi addresses the over-prescription of psychotropic medication in Iran, explaining: Depression signifies that a part of our lives hurtand taking pills wont solve anything until we distinguish which part of our life is causing the problem.. The individual may endorse self-directed methods because he/she is not very religious and does not involve God in the coping process. A 75-year-old woman told us: When the doctor said I had cancer, my children were extremely worried but I tried to comfort them to not be worried and said they should trust in God. These are sometimes called 'cultural value preferences'. It is the same with the saints and Imams. Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. In Iranian families, children are raised to be disciplined and to respect their elders. Visiting pilgrims is for me like praying. 2 COMMUNICATION Greetings Hello Salaam Goodbye Khoda hafez . In recent decades, access to political power has become one of the biggest social advantages and indications of privilege. Show abstract. We found two patterns. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities - such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians - has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. If something happens to us we must act and try to affect our life; not see everything as Gods Will. We will try by sociologically analyzing the results, to discuss the role of cultural beliefs in coping. Reducing health . When our interviewees talked about ziyarat, they often referred to visiting his holy shrine. Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. In an effort to study from a sociological perspective more closely the role of culture in cancer patients meaning-making coping methods, an international project has been conducted in 10 countries (Sweden, South Korea, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Portugal, Brazil, Turkey and Iran). Family values are important to the structure and well-being of the family. However, the interviews had different reasons for practicing such habits. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). Food in daily Life: Iranians have a healthy diet centered on fresh fruits, greens and vegetables. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. We all have cultural values. Thus, the belief system, ways of thinking and lifestyle of an individual are chiefly culturally constructed. Such tight control of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion. Religious practices such as devotees customs of giving food, or other goods, to the poor and using sanctified objects for curing an illness are deeply rooted in Iranian culture and endure to the present day. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. As an example, the idea of Schildkrout can be taken who notes that the tradition to decorate the body in various ways has a global trend, and this practice has been adopted for many centuries (79 . Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. Most Iranian expats living in Australia are likely to have a more progressive understanding of womens rights as many arrive fleeing the harsh policies of the Iranian government. Role of Culture in Healthcare Decision-Making. (p. 12). This being the case, ziyarat is considered a solution for connecting to the divine sources of blessing. interviewed women who visited the health care centers in Ahvaz, Iran, in an effort to understand the determinants of early marriage . People generally had more the freedom of choice and expression over, for example, whether they wished to pray or wear a hijab. The study reveals, among others, the impact of cultural beliefs on certain religious coping methods, even among those who are not regarded as practicing Muslims. Nevertheless, while politics is commonly ridiculed, most people are very reluctant to criticise Islam both from a social standpoint and a moral/theological perspective. A health belief system has four key components: perceived susceptibility. A critical literature review, Public mental health promotion, meaning-making and existential meaning: Challenges for person-centered care of refugees in a secular, pluralistic context, Religious involvement and subjective well-being, Religion and health among black and white adults: Examining social support and consolation, Why me? They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. The first one is conversation with God and saints. Angela Sanchez. 1.1 Taking responsibility People receive safe and effective care when pharmacy professionals take responsibility for ensuring that person-centred care is not compromised by personal values or beliefs. Most Iranians seem to be unified across ethnic divides. Role of Mother: Traditionally, Hmong mothers nurture and take care of the children. Education, wealth and ethnic or tribal associations can all affect a persons social standing. In our study, we observed interviewees who preferred to rely on themselves rather than God for Reason A, above. Their stable meal mainly comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts of read meat. (53-year-old female), Hand in hand with God, we walked together on this path. It is common for Iranians to refer to themselves as Persian, which carries the association and prestige of the historical empire.1 The Iranian culture and people have a history of being one of the most progressive in the Middle East. They help each other through difficulties, and are always there for each other through thick and thin. It would seem reasonable to assume that religion is more accessible to individuals whose orientation system is greatly marked by religion. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. It also helps for the child to see how he specifically contributes to the family. Completely surrounded by God, I put myself and my destiny in His hands. As concerns religious coping, we started from the Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE (Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, Citation2000, p. 521). Many people use humour to criticise their leaders through doublespeak, and share their theories of scandal and corruption with strangers. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. For example, the younger Iranian generation generally do not feel the need to stringently apply the honour code and will often hide certain shameful actions they consider reasonable from the older generations, who might be deeply offended by such behaviours. While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. By the likes of tall poppy syndrome, people are expected to be humble and unassuming about themselves. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. The term existential coping is employed because these methods involve individuals efforts to discover an inwardly source in nature, themselves or others that can assist them in coping with their problems. When Nahal is told shes had a miscarriage, instead of seeking support from her familywho have, in the past, refused to recognize her struggle with depressionshe keeps the news to herself, leading to desperation. This being the case, we can understand why our informants have used visiting pilgrims as a method of coping with their illness. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. So I accepted it and was happy with it. The concept of imamat is important to the Shiites.Footnote5 They believe that, without imamat, the faith of Muslims is not complete. Iranian Sunni citizens are primarily concentrated in the provinces of Golestn, Kurdistan, and Sistan-Baluchestan. Eyes, although tremendously important in sexual and affectional relations, are also regarded an important body part because they can attract evil. Still, when religion plays a predominant role as a coping resource, this is often because the individual has few or limited other alternatives available in his/her immediate sociocultural context. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? Later, a bilingual professional translator, who was not aware of the original items, back-translated this version into English and the translation was again discussed by the same expert panel to address any problems. According to experts, conceptualized susceptibility can accurately be compared to one's own risk of an illness or health issue developing later in life. Family roles and dynamics vary significantly between those households that have progressive understandings of womens rights, authority and privacy and those that maintain traditional values. The interviews were conducted from November 2017 through December 2017, and the transcription process was completed by February 2018. 5 Here we refer to the real believers and not to the majority of Iranians who according to the law are regarded as Shiites. Mental illness in a family member is viewed as a familial flaw. They ensure civil law and court decisions abide by the principles of Islam, and are generally highly conservative. The participants confirmed large cultural differences in doctor-patient communication when encountering Iranian and Swedish patients. You might choose a career based on your family culture by picking something you know your family values. View. Iranians can often recount the countrys legacy and heritage in great detail. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. This test is Gods message to remind us not to turn our back to Him. Chief Editor: Robert T. Muller, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. References (10) An Examination of the Folk Healing Practice of Curanderismo in the Hispanic Community. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. In first interactions with a stranger on the street, one may find that a taxi driver is, in fact, an expert on architecture, or a colleague can explain the complex history of countries theyve never visited. The present article is based on an international study on meaning-making coping aimed at understanding the role of culture in coping. Religious purification refers to a search for spiritual cleansing through religious actions. Look! They invite a great number of guests for the wedding day. Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour by Erin Cornwell of Cornell University and Linda Waite of the University of Chicago, social relationships are particularly important for those coping with mental illness; social withdrawal aggravates loneliness, stress, and feelings of low self-worth. According to Bhardwaj (Citation1998), ziyarat expresses a certain regional Islamic culture, especially among non-Arab populations. Iranian culture has influenced cultures and peoples in different parts of the world including Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. Nevertheless, the results of several studies (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi, Park, Kim, & Ahmadi Citation2017; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018) reveal the occurrence of other coping strategies that can hardly be regarded as religious or spiritual, for instance, strategies connected to nature. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. It seems that making decision for cesarean is done under the influence of cultural perceptions and beliefs. The dynamics of relationships are significantly shaped by the reality of which activities Iranians feel safe doing in public. This coping method means that people trust themselves as human beings more than they trust a sacred object God. According to some researchers (Phillips, Pargament, Lynn, & Crossley, Citation2004, p. 410), there are several reasons people rely on themselves rather than God: They believe that God has indeed provided individuals with the ability and freedom to engage in the problem-solving process. Relevance to clinical practice Moreover, they claimed that ziyarat makes the individual calm and less anxious, as if s/he had visited the lost loved ones. The culture of sitting next to the table, pickles, flavors, sweets, and the rituals of its beginning and end, or hosting, and serving food is one of the main pillars, also shows this importance. The notion that illness is a test imposed on us by God is an old one. The two additional themes spiritual coping and existential coping will be presented in another article. Ultimately, the interview questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic context. In Nigeria, the core traditional values have been debased at the modern era. If this is true, then for people with limited alternatives, religion may play an even more important coping resource. ,islamic council of queensland,haram,providers,guide,handbook,islamic,food beliefs,caring for muslim patients,Islamic beliefs affecting health care Culture influences, accordingly, the complex whole of social life: its institutions, laws, knowledge, customs, morals and lifestyles (Ahmadi, Citation2006). As Corbin (Citation1964/Citation1993, p. 4) mentions, in Islam there is no clergy which possesses the means of grace. Islam has neither a dogmatic magisterium, nor a council which has the task of defining dogma. When Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes migrated to the region of modern-day Iran, it came to be known as Ariana or Iran - the land of the Aryans. August 12, 2011. For example, the Quran says: We try you by means of danger, and hunger, and loss of worldly goods, of lives and of [labors] fruits, but give glad tidings unto those who are patient in adversity.Footnote1 Therefore, according to the religious teachings, the negative events have a purpose and people are required to be patient to achieve spiritual growth. Across most households, elders are deeply respected and cared for. Demonic Reappraisal - which refers to redefining the stressor as an act of the Devil/an evil power is another coping method we found in the present study. There remains a great deal of protection around girls in this regard. The history of the Italian people, their . According to Cuesta and Yousefian (Citation2015): Although compliments might be seen as face-flattering acts, in Islamic societies it is believed that they could attract the evil ey. . (p. 138). 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